School of Computer Science

Awarding Excellence: Smart & Sustainable IT for IEEE 2025 World Forum on Internet of Things: Dr Di Wu

Chair of the IEEE IoT Educational Activities Committee and Award Presenter, Dr Wanqing Tu, alongside Di Wu

From St Andrews to Chengdu, Dr. Di Wu has been awarded third place in the 2025 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things PhD Thesis Competition.  IEEE is an internationally recognised organisation within electrical and electronics engineering. By participating in such an event, participants can receive valuable external feedback and connect with a larger community focused on the future vision of IoT Systems.

With a thesis titled “Distributed Machine Learning on Edge Computing Systems,” Dr. Wu proposes three techniques to better train machine learning models that directly affect small devices such as sensors, smartphones, and every day IoT gadgets. He states that the focus on smaller devices is becoming even more important due to the grand size of modern datasets, as well as how time-consuming, expensive, and at-risk to user privacy sending information to the cloud can be:

In my research, I proposed three techniques to make this kind of training more practical. The first helps devices decide how to split and share the workload. The second reduces the amount of data that needs to be exchanged during training. And the third lowers the amount of computation each device has to perform. Finally, I brought all these ideas together into one complete system. When we tested it on real IoT devices, it trained models faster, communicated less data, and achieved better accuracy compared with existing methods.

This improvement in efficiency suitably aligns with IEEE’S 2025 theme of “Smart and Sustainable IoT.” ‘To me’ Dr Wu states, ‘“smart” IoT means giving devices the ability to learn and make decisions locally. While “sustainable” IoT means doing this in a way that saves energy, protects user privacy, and can scale as the number of devices continues to grow. Therefore, by cutting down the computation and communication needed for training, intelligent IoT systems can become more sustainable and easier to deploy in practice.’ With this in mind, Dr. Wu propelled forward with his research that was also greatly influenced by the challenges he experienced as a machine learning engineer and the specific research questions that arose from reading subject-specific literature, discussing ideas with his supervisor Blesson Varghese, as well as building real-world prototypes throughout his PhD journey.

I truly see preparing for the nomination as a natural step that came out of the work I did during my PhD. I had published papers in related venues, including the IEEE Internet of Things Journal and IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, which gave me some confidence that my work was heading in the right direction. Furthermore, writing my thesis, presenting ideas at conferences, as well as preparing for my viva helped me clarify my ideas which eventually helped me piece together and highlight the parts of my research that were most relevant to the theme. I would really encourage PhD graduates to apply for these kinds of thesis competitions.[1]

Now working as a Research Fellow funded by the UK National Edge AI Hub, Dr. Wu reflects on how this year’s IEEE displayed active research engagement with the intersection of AI and IoT — ‘both AI for IoT, where AI is used to solve IoT-specific problems, and AI on IoT, where we try to bring AI capabilities directly onto IoT devices.’ Another emerging direction he noted was the integration of sensing, communication, and computation. ‘These used to be relatively separate research areas, each led by different communities. But now we’re seeing growing interest in combining them into a single, unified system, which I think has a lot of potential.’ As Dr. Wu continues to explore efficient and scalable machine learning systems at the edge, he believes his new research direction will move beyond traditional federated learning, turning specifically to how agent-based systems and efficient foundation models (such as large language models) can be brought to the edge. ‘These areas are quite different from conventional ML systems, but they open up exciting possibilities for the next generation of edge intelligence,’ he concludes.

[1] Dr. Di Wu personally recommends competitions such as, ACM PhD Competition, the IEEE IoT PhD Competition, the IEEE TCSC PhD Thesis Award, as well as local competitions like the SICSA PhD Competition in Scotland.

🐕‍🦺Therapy Dogs visit to CS 🐕‍🦺

🐾Taking a break from revision before exams commence, students and staff enjoyed a very welcome visit from Rod Stoddart and his therapy dogs Clova, Mia and new friend Buddy.

Interaction with dogs can lower stress levels and increase happiness and motivation.

Rod has been helping people with his therapy dogs for 10 years and is available for call-outs to assist students with their well-being 24/7.

Rod can be contacted on 07780974181 or 01334 460676.

Thanks Rod, we look forward to welcoming you, Clova, Mia and Buddy again next year! 🐾

 

 

PGR Seminar: Ben Claydon and Joseph Loughney

You are warmly invited to the next PGR Seminar.

Tear off calendar Monday 17/11/2025

Timer clock 14:00-15:00

Pin JC 1.33A

  1. Speaker: Ben Claydon

Title: Improvements to Space Partitioning Trees for Similarity Search

Abstract: Searching large, unstructured collections of data for objects deemed of relevance to a user-provided query is an increasingly important task. For example, when a user inputs a query into a search engine, they expect a list of high-quality results to be returned nearly immediately. However, if the search engine had to rank each of the approximately 1 billion websites on the internet in order of relevance to your query, and each of these judgements took 1 microsecond, each web search would take nearly half an hour! To overcome this, data structures are created which enables searching only a small subset of the dataset, where this subset is likely to contain the most relevant items. This greatly increases the rate at which queries can be served, at the cost of some loss of accuracy. In this talk, I will present improvements made to one such data structure called random projection forests. I present a method which increases the accuracy of this algorithm without an associated increase in either preprocessing time or the time required to serve a query.

Bio: Ben is a 3rd year PhD student whose research focusses on algorithms which facilitate scalable similarity search.

  1. Speaker: Joseph Loughney

Title: Breaking Multiple Symmetries at Once, and Retrieving ‘Actual’ Solution Counts in Graph Search Problems

Abstract: The Subgraph Isomorphism Problem is a graph search problem which is computationally challenging to solve in large cases. We have seen significant improvements in performance as a result of symmetry breaking (avoiding searching for multiple solutions that are isomorphic to each other) either before or during search, and on either the pattern graph, the target graph, or both. Can we use any of these techniques in combination with each other? What about when counting solutions? How can we return the ‘actual’ number of solutions from the number of equivalence classes? This talk will aim to approach some answers to these questions.

We hope you can join us!

PGR Seminar: Charis Hanna and Maria Andrei

You are warmly invited to the next PGR Seminar.

Date & Time: Monday 10/11/2025 14:00-15:00

Location: JC 1.33A

  1. Speaker: Charis Hanna

Title: Self-Supervised Learning for Efficient Ecological Monitoring

Abstract: Cliff-nesting birds serve as valuable indicators of marine ecosystem health, yet dense populations and remote habitats present significant challenges for automated monitoring. With current state-of-the-art object detectors often failing under the conditions of extreme crowding and occlusion, this project aims to develop and refine deep learning techniques that enable the fine-grained, automated analysis of seabird colonies. Current work explores self-supervised learning strategies that leverage domain-shifted knowledge to reduce the need for exhaustive annotation across complex image datasets. These methods not only reduce the laborious process of manual annotation but also demonstrate promising improvements in performance across the long-tailed species distribution. While ongoing efforts are directed at further optimising these models, future work will leverage additional spatial information with the aim of supporting richer insights into behavioural dynamics within these populations.

Bio: Charis is a 3rd-year PhD student developing novel deep learning approaches for the automated monitoring of dense cliff-nesting bird colonies. Her research focuses on advancing computer vision methods for detection, classification, and behavioural analysis in challenging habitats.

  1. Speaker: Maria Andrei

Title: Bridging Psychological Distance from Climate Change through Experiential Learning within Heritage Organisations

Abstract: Climate change represents one of the most urgent challenges of our time, not only in its environmental impacts but also as a complex science communication problem. Despite broad scientific consensus on its causes and mitigation pathways, public understanding and engagement remain fragmented, limiting the collective action needed to address this crisis. My research investigates how immersive technologies, particularly virtual reality, can bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and public perception by transforming abstract climate data into tangible, emotionally resonant experiences. By connecting global and local climate futures through case studies such as Antarctica and Scotland, I examine how immersive simulations can reduce psychological distance from climate change. By evaluating audience responses across diverse contexts, from museums to polar expedition vessels, this research aims to assess how experiential storytelling can improve climate communication and motivate engagement with climate action.

Bio: Maria is a third-year PhD researcher working with the Schools of Computer Science, Biology, and Earth & Environmental Sciences. Her work focuses on immersive climate communication, using virtual reality to visualise climate impacts in regions such as Scotland and Antarctica. She collaborates with heritage organisations, science centres, and polar expedition companies to bring these experiences to communities across Scotland and beyond.

We hope you can join us!

Winter Graduation Reception

We invite our graduating students and their guests to join us for a celebration of their achievements. Please come along to a small reception with a glass of fizz and some Fisher & Donaldson cakes.

The event will take place on Tuesday 2nd December between 12.30pm and 2.30pm in the Jack Cole coffee area.

We look forward to celebrating this special occasion with you 🍾

School Seminar: Jon Rogers, “There’s plenty of room in our communities: Rethinking computational scale through open hardware”

You are warmly invited to the third School Seminar:

Speaker: Jon Rogers

Title: There’s plenty of room in our communities: Rethinking computational scale through open hardware

Abstract: The dominant business model of Big Tech is built on scale. Scale to outpace competitors, capture global markets, and consolidate control. Today, just a handful of companies mediate most online interactions, reaching billions of users across devices and platforms. This logic of exponential growth, rooted in Moore’s Law and reinforced by Thiel’s 10x principle, now drives a global race to develop increasingly powerful forms of artificial intelligence and the gigafactory-scale infrastructures needed to support them. Infrastructures that require resources that contradict plans for net zero.  Is this a trajectory that is either sustainable or desirable?  What might it mean to pursue scale in the opposite direction, towards smaller, more sustainable, and community-oriented forms of computation?  The coming of age of open hardware offers new possibilities for computing that comes from, is made by, and is stewarded by local communities. The challenge of reimagining computing at a community scale is not primarily technical, but one of design and our ability to be more creative with technology.  In doing so, we could be offering alternative digital futures that are supportive of the people and the places that we make computation for.

Bio: Jon Rogers is Professor of Creative Technology at Northumbria University , Newcastle. With a PhD in Neural Networks from Imperial College London (2001), he spent seventeen years at the University of Dundee developing research at the intersection of design and technology. His hands-on practice explores how making can reveal new stories about our relationships with emerging technologies. A former Mozilla Senior Fellow (2016–2019) in Berlin, he led the Horizon 2020 OpenDoTT doctoral programme on trust and the Internet of Things. His current research reimagines digital futures through open hardware to enable more open and self-determined technological practices within communities.

Date & Time: Tuesday 11/11/2025 10am-11am.

Location: JC 1.33A

Note: Jon has kindly agreed to stay until 2 p.m. If you’d like to talk to him, please come see him after the talk.

Please do come along and join us! 🙂

From Honours Project to Open-Source Application: Developing a Wireshark ILNP Dissector

Wireshark is one of the world’s most widely used network analysis tools, and it comes with great pride that recent graduate Shubh Sinhal’s CS4099 Project “Wireshark and ILNP” has been included within the tool’s official codebase.

Shubh developed a Wireshark ILNP dissector that could be used for the ease of study for researchers and students interested in investigating and testing Identifier Locator Network Protocol (ILNP). Commenting on his work, he stated that his goals were “to identify ILNP flows, validate checksums, and produce tables for tracking and analysing data.” In this way, Shubh’s project adds the ability for Wireshark to detect and analyse ILNP traffic in TCP and UDP segments, check data integrity, and provide new filters and tracking tools for flow analysis. He notes:

I wanted to work on a large, well-known code base to gain experience with complex software and understand how such projects are organised. Since IP is still the dominant protocol, there is little work on new Internet layer protocols, and through the networking modules offered by St Andrews, I gained an interest in Internet architecture and protocol design for communication between devices located across the globe.

The CS4099 module prepares students to design, develop, and test a software system. Pursuing such a project involves students embracing independent research that can have an impactful effect on current software tools. Shubh relays that by supporting ILNP in Wireshark, “it lays the groundwork for potential wider adoption of an alternative internet layer protocol that improves on IPv6 with better mobility and multi-homing capabilities and simpler network management.” This development opens the door for innovation and unexplored opportunities in the future, including “new uses and features, as well as the improvement of performativity,” which in turn could lead to “ILNP becoming a strong alternative to traditional IP.”

With the guidance of his supervisor, Saleem Bhatti, Shubh remarks how the module’s personalized mentorship allowed him to “navigate” a complex code base and “strengthen” his capacity for software development by improving his abilities in understanding existing documentation and code, testing, debugging and producing documentation of his own. Most importantly, he reflects on how the project strengthened his confidence in working with real-world software and networking technologies, as well as improved his ability to work effectively with existing code, therefore giving him the chance to “explore an experimental protocol and contribute to open source by creating a useful tool that others can build on.”

With Shubh Sinhal now being credited on the list of authors for Wireshark, his contribution has shown how research within the School of Computer Science, as well as the engineers graduating from the school, are creating real impact through software applications within academia and beyond.

Information about ILNP can be found at https://ilnp.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/. With the main part of the codebase Shubh produced being located in the master branch of the Wireshark GitHub repo here.

By Nina Globerson